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Holidays according to historians
23 august 2024
Holidays: What Do Historians Say?
Holidays, often seen as a well-deserved break, are actually the result of deep social, economic, and cultural transformations. Historians study them as a reflection of changes in working conditions, shifts in mentalities, and attitudes towards leisure time. Far from being merely a modern phenomenon, holidays have roots in ancient practices, such as religious festivals and agricultural breaks. Thus, holidays testify to societal changes and the new aspirations of individuals. Here are some perspectives on holidays according to historians:
The Origins of Holidays:
Historians agree that the concept of holidays, as we understand it today, is relatively recent. It primarily emerged in the 19th century with industrialisation and the rise of the middle classes. Before that, breaks from work were often linked to agricultural or religious rhythms (festival days, Sundays). Historians emphasise the importance of the industrial revolutions in shaping work and leisure time.
Holidays in Antiquity:
In antiquity, there were no holidays in the modern sense, but there were religious and civic festivals during which daily activities were suspended. Historians show that in societies like Greece and Rome, citizens participated in festivities, games, and banquets. These breaks from daily life also served to strengthen community bonds.
The Development of Seaside Resorts:
Historians place the development of seaside resorts in the 18th century, first in England and then on the European continent. Sea bathing became popular among the aristocracy and bourgeoisie, who saw it as beneficial for health. This phenomenon is often associated with the evolving medical ideas of the time, which advocated the therapeutic virtues of sea air. Historically, these holiday destinations marked a turning point in how the upper classes viewed rest and leisure.
The Industrial Era and Workers’ Holidays:
With industrialisation, working conditions became harsher, and the need for breaks became crucial. Historians note that it was in the 19th century that the first legislation on paid holidays began to appear, in response to workers’ struggles. In France, for example, paid holidays only became mandatory in 1936, driven by the Popular Front. These events are seen as a key moment in the history of holidays, representing a major social advance for the working classes.
Mass Tourism in the 20th Century:
Historians trace the rise of mass tourism in the 20th century, facilitated by technological advances such as the railway, the automobile, and later the aeroplane. After World War II, paid holidays became widespread in many countries, and holidays became a central part of middle-class life. The development of the tourism industry, infrastructure like hotels and campsites, and popular destinations such as Mediterranean beaches is studied as a mass phenomenon.
Holidays and National Identity:
Some historians have explored how holidays contribute to the construction of national identity. In France, for example, holidays have long been associated with the discovery of landscapes and national heritage, reinforcing a sense of belonging to the nation. This phenomenon is observed in many other countries where domestic tourism is encouraged for economic and cultural reasons.
Holidays and Social Movements:
Holidays have also been a stage for social movements and political demands. Historians highlight the importance of holidays in workers’ rights struggles, such as strikes for paid holidays or debates on reducing working hours. Holidays are thus seen not only as a hard-won right but also as a reflection of social tensions and changes.
The Cultural Impact of Holidays:
Cultural historians are interested in the transformations of habits and social practices linked to holidays. The emergence of mass tourism has altered behaviours, lifestyles, and even landscapes. Holidays have become a time when social distinctions can be both reinforced and blurred, and where local cultures can be both preserved and commercialised.
Holidays in the Context of Globalisation:
Contemporary historians examine how holidays have been transformed by globalisation. International travel has increased, and tourism has become a major global industry. Historians also study the ecological and economic impacts of mass tourism, as well as the inequalities in access to holidays between different social classes and regions of the world.
Post-Modern Holidays:
In recent decades, historians have observed a shift towards more personalised and diverse holidays, reflecting individual aspirations and the search for new experiences. The concept of holidays has expanded to include wellness retreats, adventure travel, and even "staycations" (holidays at home). This evolution is studied as a reflection of contemporary lifestyle changes, where flexible work and new technologies are redefining the boundaries between work and leisure.
Thus, holidays, as seen by historians, are not just a time of rest, but a complex phenomenon that evolves with social, economic, and cultural changes. They reflect societal transformations and play an important role in how individuals and communities perceive themselves and interact with the world around them.